The rapid growth of the global population and the resulting pressure on agricultural systems have made it increasingly important to adopt sustainable farming practices. Biotechnology has emerged as a promising tool to support sustainable agriculture by enhancing crop productivity, improving resistance to pests and diseases, reducing dependence on chemical inputs, and increasing tolerance to climate stress. By integrating modern biotechnological innovations such as genetic engineering, molecular breeding, biofertilizers, and biopesticides, agriculture can transition toward more ecologically balanced and economically viable practices. One of the most significant contributions of biotechnology is the development of genetically modified (GM) crops that possess traits such as pest resistance (e.g., Bt cotton), herbicide tolerance, and drought resistance. These advancements lead to reduced pesticide usage, lower environmental contamination, and improved yields. Additionally, marker-assisted selection and molecular diagnostics accelerate the breeding process and help develop varieties better suited to local agro-climatic conditions, thereby conserving biodiversity and minimizing resource use. Biofertilizers and biopesticides—derived from naturally occurring microorganisms—are also playing a pivotal role in sustainable agriculture. They not only minimize chemical input but also promote soil health, nutrient cycling, and plant growth. Furthermore, biotechnology facilitates the use of microbial inoculants and plant-microbe interactions to enhance nutrient uptake and disease resistance, supporting long-term soil fertility. Despite its numerous advantages, the adoption of biotechnology in agriculture faces several challenges, including regulatory hurdles, ethical concerns, socio-economic disparities, and public perception issues. There is also a need for robust biosafety mechanisms and transparent communication to gain public trust and ensure environmental sustainability. This paper discusses the role of biotechnology in sustainable agriculture with a focus on current applications, potential benefits, and associated risks. It also highlights the importance of policy frameworks, farmer education, and interdisciplinary collaboration to maximize the benefits of biotechnology while safeguarding ecological integrity. A balanced integration of traditional agricultural knowledge with modern biotechnology holds the key to achieving food security, environmental conservation, and socio-economic equity in the long term.