This research paper examines the application of Time Value of Money (TVM) principles in three critical sectors of the Indian economy: Technology, Pharmaceutical, and Energy. The study focuses on sustainable development and Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) integration, analyzing leading Indian companies such as Tata Consultancy Services, Infosys, Sun Pharmaceutical, and NTPC to understand how TVM concepts are applied in sustainability-oriented investment decisions. The research reveals that Indian companies are increasingly integrating ESG factors into their TVM calculations, with sustainability investments requiring modified discount rates, extended analysis periods, and risk-adjusted returns. The technology sector demonstrates strong ESG integration, with companies like TCS and Infosys achieving carbon neutrality ahead of global targets. Meanwhile, the pharmaceutical sector shows growing emphasis on green chemistry and sustainable manufacturing processes, and the energy sector leads India's renewable transition with massive investment commitments aligned with the 2070 Net Zero target. Key findings indicate that sector-specific modifications are necessary for sustainability-focused TVM applications in India. The technology sector uses 8-12% discount rates for ESG projects with 3–7-year horizons, the pharmaceutical sector applies 10-15% rates for sustainable R&D with 8–15-year timelines, and the energy sector employs 7-11% rates for renewable projects with 15–25-year analysis periods. Ultimately, ESG-integrated TVM analysis is becoming essential for Indian companies to access global capital markets and achieve long-term competitiveness in the sustainable economy.