At the heart of early twentieth-century Russian literature, Maxim Gorky’s The Mother (1906) stands as a profound articulation of social justice and revolutionary awakening. Rooted in the moral turbulence of pre-revolutionary Russia, the novel fuses art and ideology to portray the transformation of ordinary lives under the weight of class oppression. Through the character of Pelageya Nilovna, Gorky constructs a narrative of awakening, where personal suffering evolves into collective consciousness and moral courage becomes a catalyst for social change. Grounded in Marxist theory, social realism, and feminist interpretation, the study investigates how The Mother embodies the ideals of human dignity, solidarity, and emancipation. Critical perspectives from various schools of thought reveal the novel’s dual function as both a political manifesto and a universal story of liberation. Despite debates over its didactic tone, The Mother endures as a powerful testament to the capacity of literature to awaken conscience, inspire resistance, and shape the discourse of justice across generations.

Keywords: Gorky, The Mother, Social Justice, Proletarian Consciousness, Socialist Realism, Marxist Criticism, Feminist Interpretation, Moral Awakening, Collective Identity, Revolutionary Literature.