India is pursuing one of the most ambitious and fastest energy transitions ever. The ambition to install 500 GW of non-fossil fuel capacity by 2030, one of the cornerstones of its NDCs under the Paris Agreement, is a project of global consequence. The nation has already demonstrated considerable political resolve by surpassing, with five years to spare, the first milestone of reaching 50% percent non-fossil fuel capacity, originally proposed for the year 2030, with the RE capacity reaching 50.07% of the total installed capacity of 484.82 GW, set for 2025. This notable scale of deployment hides a burgeoning and foundational crisis. The primary discourse regarding India's RE transition continues to be conventional and primarily focused on techno- financial risk due to grid integration and distribution companies’ financial viability. In contradiction to this dominant discourse, the paper insists on a different thesis: that the leading, unmitigated, and most material risk to the transition to 500 GW is, in fact, socio-legal. The core stance of this examination is that India, in undertaking its renewable energy transition, is purposefully duplicating and ultimately scaling land and livelihood conflicts, by almost exclusively emphasizing the pace of deployment rather than socio-legal integration. Such a model operates in a governance void and collides with some of the most important legal frameworks; namely, The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act (LARR), 2013 and The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act (FRA), 2006.
Article DOI: 10.62823/IJGRIT/03.03(II).8165