Agriculture has always been the backbone of the Indian economy, providing livelihood to a large section of the population and contributing significantly to national income, employment, and food security. Nearly two-thirds of India’s population depends directly or indirectly on agriculture and allied activities for sustenance. Since the Green Revolution of the 1960s, Indian agriculture has undergone remarkable changes with the introduction of high-yielding varieties (HYV) of crops, chemical fertilizers, pesticides, mechanization, and improved irrigation facilities. These developments helped India achieve self-sufficiency in food grain production and reduce dependence on imports. Despite these achievements, Indian agriculture continues to face several structural, economic, technological, and environmental challenges. Small and fragmented landholdings, low productivity, inadequate irrigation infrastructure, soil degradation, climate change, lack of awareness about modern technology, and limited access to markets and credit are some of the major barriers to agricultural development. These issues have affected farmers’ income, sustainability of farming practices, and overall rural development. At the same time, India possesses enormous opportunities for agricultural development. Growing population and rising food demand, diverse agro-climatic conditions, expansion of organic and sustainable agriculture, government initiatives, technological innovation, crop diversification, agro-processing, and increasing global demand for Indian agricultural products present vast opportunities for the sector. This research paper attempts to examine both the barriers and opportunities for agricultural development in India, with special emphasis on the role of technology, innovation, and sustainable practices in achieving long-term agricultural growth and rural prosperity.