The human resource (HR) policies of general insurance businesses in India's public and private sectors are compared in this research. The study finds significant differences in hiring, training, performance reviews, pay, and employee relations using a mixed-method methodology and secondary literature synthesis. Results indicate that public insurers prioritise job stability and procedural fairness, while private insurers exhibit more performance-driven and adaptable HR strategies. The study presents implications for strategic HR policy reform and advances comparative HRM theory in emerging markets.