This study presents a comprehensive investigation into spherical and chromatic aberration in both refractive and reflective optical systems. Spherical aberration arises from the geometry of spherical surfaces, causing marginal and paraxial rays to focus at different axial points, while chromatic aberration results from wavelength-dependent variations in refractive index. Through theoretical analysis and comparative evaluation, this work examines the behavior of aberrations in simple lenses, compound lens systems, and mirrors. Refractive systems are shown to exhibit both spherical and chromatic aberrations due to material dispersion, whereas reflective systems inherently eliminate chromatic aberration but may still suffer from spherical aberration depending on mirror geometry. Methods of aberration correction—including aperture control, aspheric surfaces, achromatic doublets, and parabolic mirrors—are discussed in relation to performance optimization. The findings highlight the advantages and limitations of each optical design and provide insights into practical strategies for minimizing image degradation in applications such as microscopy, telescopes, and imaging instruments.