India’s blue economy within regional and global governance frameworks, assessing both its strategic potential and structural limitations. Based on a systematic review of scholarly literature, policy reports, and international data sources, the study employs a descriptive and comparative approach to evaluate major ocean-based sectors, including fisheries, maritime transport, ship recycling, coastal tourism, marine renewable energy, and deep-sea resource exploration. The analysis reveals that despite India’s substantial maritime assets—such as a long coastline, expanding port capacity, robust fisheries production, and advancing ocean technologies—sectoral fragmentation and growth-centric approaches continue to constrain sustainability outcomes. The study highlights governance deficits, institutional overlaps, environmental stress, distributive inequities, and transboundary challenges as key barriers to a resilient blue economy transition. It emphasizes the growing importance of maritime security, regional collaboration, and climate adaptation in shaping future ocean policy. The paper argues that achieving long-term sustainability requires an integrated, science-driven, and socially inclusive governance framework that aligns economic objectives with ecological integrity and equitable development.