This paper critically examines the transformation of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) within the evolving landscape of intelligent systems, situating the analysis within a sociological framework that interrogates the intersections of technology, ethics, and post-pandemic development trajectories. It argues that the accelerated digitalization witnessed during and after the COVID-19 pandemic—where global internet penetration rose from approximately 53.60% in 2019 to nearly 66.20% in 2023—has significantly reconfigured pathways toward inclusive development, while simultaneously intensifying structural inequalities. Drawing upon empirical trends, the study highlights that nearly 38.50% of the global population in low-income regions remains digitally excluded, thereby constraining equitable access to SDG-linked resources such as education, healthcare, and financial inclusion. The paper employs a multidisciplinary sociological lens to analyze how artificial intelligence-driven governance and digital platforms have improved service delivery efficiency by approximately 27.40%, yet raise ethical concerns related to surveillance, algorithmic bias, and data privacy, affecting nearly 21.30% of vulnerable populations disproportionately. Furthermore, the study explores post-pandemic organizational strategies, noting that over 62.70% of enterprises have adopted hybrid or digitally integrated models, reshaping labor dynamics and social relations. By integrating insights from social theory, policy analysis, and real-world case patterns, the research emphasizes the need for ethically grounded, inclusive, and sustainable digital ecosystems that align with SDG targets. It concludes that achieving SDGs in the age of intelligent systems requires not merely technological adoption but a reorientation of governance, institutional accountability, and participatory frameworks to ensure that the benefits of digital transformation are equitably distributed across diverse socio-economic contexts.