The global trading system has entered a phase of fragmentation marked by protectionism, geopolitical rivalry, and weakening multilateralism. Since 2014, India under Narendra Modi has recalibrated its trade policy to preserve strategic autonomy while deepening engagement with major economies. This paper analyses India’s trade relations with the United States, United Kingdom, European Union, Gulf countries, Russia, China, and ASEAN during the Modi government. Using recent trade data, tariff developments—including the latest 18 percent US tariff regime—and geopolitical trends, the study argues that India has shifted from preferential liberalism to negotiated, interest-based trade diplomacy. The paper demonstrates that strategic autonomy in a multipolar world is increasingly exercised through diversification, tariff resilience, and calibrated engagement rather than alignment or isolation.